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Current outbreak raises fears of 1918 repeat
WINNIPEG — The World Health Organization is concerned about the surge of H1N1 influenza cases in two isolated Manitoba First Nations communities, even as the chief of Garden Hill First Nation said his community lacks basic medical resources to cope with the crisis.
They don't have a full-time doctor or antivirals. They also don't have enough masks, medical gloves or sanitization equipment.
Manitoba Health is working to find an extra doctor to send to Garden Hill, but that may not happen until next week. It was only on Wednesday that First Nations Inuit Health decided to send hand sanitizers to First Nations communities, many of which don't have access to running water.
Dozens of First Nations residents have been medevaced to hospitals in Winnipeg with severe flu-like symptoms.
"We need to set up a temporary hospital base right within the region, that is what's urgently needed," Garden Hill Chief David Harper said Wednesday, referring to the Island Lake region that includes three other First Nations communities, including St. Theresa Point. Garden Hill has only a nursing station that shares a doctor with a neighbouring community.
"The amount of medevacs that we've had in one month would almost pay for a hospital. It would definitely pay for a hospital."
Harper said medical equipment such as masks, antivirals and sanitization equipment was ordered last week through the local nursing station but has not arrived. If it doesn't come soon, Harper said, he'll pay for the equipment out of his own pocket.
"Whatever it takes," he said. "We're in a war zone, we have to protect (our community). Especially our children and our elderly."
The Garden Hill school has been closed for the year and members of the community have been asked not to gather in groups, if possible.
"We're fighting an invisible enemy and it's coming into our community," he said.
Four of the 16 new cases of H1N1 confirmed by the province Wednesday are from the Island Lake region. There are now 56 confirmed cases of H1N1 in Manitoba.
Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the WHO's senior influenza expert, had noted on Tuesday the organization is very concerned about reports from Manitoba of severe illness among aboriginal people who have contracted swine flu, noting that in previous pandemics, such populations have been hit particularly hard.
Harper's pleas for a temporary hospital in the Island Lake region were echoed in the House of Commons Wednesday by Churchill MP Niki Ashton.
"Chief (David) McDougall of St. Theresa Point has called for a field hospital to deal with the situation that is so bad," she said during question period in Ottawa. "If we can do this in war zones, why can we not do it on the front lines of a coming pandemic?"
Health Minister Leona Aglukkaq answered that Canada's pandemic plan applies to everyone and Health Canada is working with its provincial and First Nations counterparts.
Harper said one of his community's two confirmed cases of H1N1 is an 18-month-old boy, Peter Flett, who was medevaced to Winnipeg early Monday morning.
He said Peter's case illustrates how poor living conditions, a lack of resources and overworked nurses can have tragic results. He said the toddler was misdiagnosed and turned away from the nursing station a number of times last week.
Manitoba Health's assistant deputy minister, Terry Goertzen, said the department is trying to secure doctors who could be flown into the Island Lake region.
"I understand that we may have a physician resource secured for (Garden Hill) next week but I know that that's not good enough from a community perspective," he said.
Also Wednesday, the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, which is responsible for Winnipeg hospitals, announced new visitor guidelines.
"We certainly understand how difficult it is to stay away and not visit when someone is in hospital, but we're really asking that people who might have the flu certainly should not come if they've had the flu within the previous seven days," said Jan Currie, vice-president of the WRHA. Parents should also avoid bringing children under 12 to visit in the hospital because of their susceptibility to influenza.
WHO declares swine flu a pandemic, warns moderate severity expected
TORONTO - The World Health Organization declared the swine flu outbreak a pandemic Thursday, the first since the Hong Kong flu of 1968.
Director General Dr. Margaret Chan made the declaration, saying the new H1N1 virus is currently expected to lead to a pandemic of moderate severity. Her announcement in Geneva was scooped by a number of countries which earlier revealed they'd been informed of the pending move.
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Wearing masks as precaution against swine flu, two Thai boys wait for their mother at St. Gabriel's school today in Bangkok, Thailand. St. Gabriel's School suspended all classes for a week after five of their students were tested positive to the new strain of the influenza. (APICHART WEERAWONG / THE ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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The Japanese School in Duesseldorf, Germany where officials say 26 students at the city's Japanese International School have tested positive for swine flu. The school was shut down Tuesday. (HERMANN J. KNIPPERTZ / THE ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Current outbreak raises fears of 1918 repeat
WHO declaration doesn't mean flu more dangerous: top doctor
Chan acknowledged raising the pandemic level might create some confusion and concern, but stressed the move doesn't mean the virus is becoming more virulent. Pandemic status relates to geographic spread, not disease severity, she said.
"We are satisfied that this virus is spreading to a number of countries and it is not stoppable," Chan said of the decision to formally declare what many experts have been describing for some time.
Chan made the announcement after consulting with the WHO's emergency committee, a panel of experts that has advised her on various decisions throughout the swine flu outbreak.
"On the basis of available evidence, and these expert assessments of the evidence, the scientific criteria for an influenza pandemic have been met," she said in announcing her decision.
Canada's chief public health officer said the pandemic declaration won't change much for Canada, where the first cases were reported in late April.
"We in Canada have been dealing with H1 since the beginning. So going from Level 5 to 6 only reflects broader spread internationally of what we have already seen," Dr. David Butler-Jones said via email.
Butler-Jones said Canadian authorities will be monitoring the progress of the virus as it continues to spread around the world to see what can be learned as this country prepares for an anticipated surge in activity in the fall and winter.
Dr. Allison McGeer, an influenza expert at Toronto's Mount Sinai Hospital, is one of those who feels the declaration is simply an acknowledgment of reality. But she nonetheless welcomed the move.
"From a science perspective, anybody will tell you that this has been a pandemic for weeks," said McGeer, who suggested political and other concerns have mired the WHO in a declaration process that has trailed behind the science.
"You can understand why the World Health Organization is having trouble but it does put you in this really odd situation of having a zebra out there that you can't call a zebra."
As of Wednesday, 74 countries had declared 27,737 confirmed cases of swine flu and 141 deaths.
Canada, one of the hardest hit countries, has confirmed 2,978 case in all provinces and territories but Newfoundland and Labrador. The deaths of four Canadians have been linked to infection with the virus.
Within Canada, Ontario has the most cases, with 1,562 confirmed infections. But recent spikes in Nunavut, with 96 cases, and Manitoba, with 56, have been described by the WHO as being of serious concern.
Indigenous populations were badly hit in previous pandemics and evidence of severe illness in some northern Manitoba First Nations communities has the WHO worried that the pattern may be playing out again with this virus.
Under the WHO's pandemic alert level, a pandemic is declared at Phase 6 when the WHO sees evidence of sustained spread in the community in countries in two different WHO regions. In recent weeks spread in the United Kingdom, Spain, Japan and Australia has at various times threatened to push the world across that threshold.
But on Thursday, Chan declined to reveal which country or countries' spread led to her decision. She said a combination of factors contributed to the call.
Those included evidence of transmission in a number of countries and acknowledgment by some unnamed countries that their surveillance systems may not be catching community spread.
As well, there are reports that the new virus may be crowding out seasonal flu strains and that groups badly hit in earlier pandemics - young healthy adults, pregnant women and aboriginal communities - may be harder hit by this virus than by seasonal flu strains.
Chan put the evidence and her intention to declare a pandemic to the experts on the WHO's emergency committee in a teleconference Thursday. None of the experts - whose names the WHO does not make public - disagreed with the decision to declare a pandemic, she said.
The WHO's unwillingness to reveal which country or region had taken the virus across the threshold was criticized by a flu expert who had earlier suggested the agency's scientific credibility was in peril because of its delay in declaring a pandemic.
"While the announcement is welcome in terms of addressing the science, the lack of transparency in terms of which country's activities factored in the decision is disappointing," said Dr. Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota.
"Transparency is everything. If public health science is to have credibility in government, the private sector, and even with the general public, transparency has to be our highest priority. And this doesn't feel very transparent."
Canadian officials confirmed they had been notified beforehand of the jump to Phase 6. They planned to respond later Thursday and it was expected they would address Canada's intention to make H1N1 vaccine. The country has a long-standing contract with vaccine giant GlaxoSmithKline that ensures the first pandemic vaccine produced at the company's Ste-Foy, Que., plant will be reserved for Canadians.
While vaccine manufacturers have begun working on an H1N1 vaccine, many steps have to be taken before vaccine will be available to the public. Trial lots must be produced and tested for safety and to determine what sized dose - and how many - each person might need for protection.
The WHO has said it will likely be four to six months before the first batches of vaccine are available for use.
The swine flu virus was first spotted in California in mid-April, in two children who had had no exposure to pigs. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control alerted the WHO, as required under the International Health Regulations. Within days, word emerged that Mexico was experiencing an alarming outbreak that looked like severe influenza.
Quick work by Mexican, Canadian and U.S. scientists pieced together that the outbreaks were caused by the same virus, which was spreading rapidly. The WHO raised the pandemic alert level to Phase 4 on April 27, and then to Phase 5 two days later.
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Follow Canadian Press Medical Writer Helen Branswell's flu updates on Twitter at CP-Branswell
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