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<SPAN class=tpc_content><FONT size=4>明清瓷器的鉴定<BR> <BR> 远古瓷器,因年代久远,保存民间的传世品甚少,如发现有出土文物,可借助基葬品仿证参考,同时还可借助历代窑址标本,用现代科技方法进行断代鉴定。而明、清时期的瓷器,因距今较近,传世品较多,加之当时仿制摹古之风盛行,所以对明、清时期的瓷器鉴定,除了需对当时的社会、经济、文化等历史知识有综合性的了解外,还要靠我们掌握各朝代瓷器的典型风貌和基本特征作规律性的认识和研究,通过实践,在自已脑子里形成了 <BR>概念后,才能对瓷器进行科学鉴定。因明、清两代瓷器还可以见到,因此,现将明、清两代瓷器概述如下: <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT color=red>洪武时期瓷器的鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、元明两代瓷器的砂底，露胎处均可见星点装或大片火石红斑。这种火石红斑，自元代开始出现，经明代，沿续到清代乾隆以后才完全消失。<BR> 2、釉面多为青白色，色泽清雅、柔和悦目。<BR> 3、所绘龙纹，不如元代凶猛，多为五爪龙。元代所绘的折枝或缠枝莲叶纹的叶形较大，为大花、大叶，到洪武时则明显缩小。<BR> 4、瓷器底足中心乳钉状突起，是元代器足遗传。<BR> 5、明代早期纹饰，大多简练娴熟，豪放生动。官窑器的纹饰精细秀丽，或多或少流露出元代风格。 <BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423230753.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423230753.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武白釉印花云龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232331750.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232331750.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武红釉印花云龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423256294.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423256294.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武青花缠枝菊纹碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232542343.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232542343.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武青花云龙纹春寿瓶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232635481.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232635481.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武釉里红缠枝菊纹碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423279689.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423279689.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武釉里红缠枝菊纹碗局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232754925.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232754925.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武釉里红花卉纹菱口杯托<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232813565.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232813565.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武釉里红开光人物故事图瓶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423295274.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423295274.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武釉里红牡丹纹碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232936946.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924232936946.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武釉里红四季花卉纹瓜棱罐<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233019551.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233019551.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明洪武釉里红云龙纹双耳瓶<BR><FONT color=red>永乐时期瓷器的鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、在我国的陶瓷工艺史上，此时的鲜红釉、甜白釉和青花瓷器独树一帜，占有特殊地位，成为明清两代的典型。<BR> 2、永乐瓷器的造型清芳、圆润、灵巧。<BR> 3、永乐时胎土淘炼精细，胎体轻重适度，尤其以白砂底之细腻而著称。<BR> 4、釉面肥厚，莹润平净，无桔皮纹。臼釉器的口、底、边角与釉薄处多归白色或黄色，和l汁!手聚处闪浅谈和虾青色。<BR> 5、青花器造型工整精致色调凝重古雅，绚丽鲜艳，体态优美俊秀，用进口“苏泥勃青料”，烧造时有自然的晕散，形成浓重凝聚的结晶斑点，呈凸凹不平状。<BR> 6、圆器中的口沿，以手试之有锋利感。而后仿的口沿多圆润，不见棱角。这种器口特点，是我们断定年代初区分真伪的主要依据之一。<BR> 7、琢器胎体接痕微露，不及元代与明初时期明显。<BR> 8、常见器足有:里直外收式圈足、齐平式圈足、高深 <BR>外撇式圈足，圈足露胎处多泛火石红斑。盘碗类，器心多 微下凹，器底外凸，呈塌底状。<BR> 9、永乐时，开始书写帝王年号款，均为四字篆书。 <BR> <BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423312835.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423312835.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明永乐白釉暗花双龙纹碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233131258.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233131258.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR> <BR>明永乐白釉盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423337116.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423337116.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明永乐红釉暗花云龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233332106.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233332106.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明永乐青花缠枝花卉纹扁壶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233410479.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233410479.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明永乐青花花果纹瓶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423350798.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423350798.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明永乐青花花卉纹碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233555972.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233555972.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明永乐青花山茶纹扁壶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233637172.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233637172.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR><FONT color=red>宣德时期瓷器鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、永乐为明代瓷器的开创和发展时期，而宣德则为鼎盛时期。陶瓷界有青花首推宣德的说法。宣德青花以其胎土精细，釉汁均净，造型工整，凝重浑厚，胎质细腻， <BR>多细砂底，器形多样，青花浓艳，纹样优美而久负盛名。琢器接口少见，胎体比永乐时厚重、坚致。<BR> 2、釉面特点为桔皮纹。青花器釉面，呈亮青，前期与后期釉面稍白，中期为青白色，釉面均很细润。<BR> 3、青花用三种色料；①进口苏泥勃青料，②国产料， <BR>③进口和国产混合料。青花自然晕散，形成浓重的凝聚结晶斑，深入胎骨。宣德青花可谓青花之冠。<BR> 4、矶红彩始于宣德，瓷釉为宣德创新品种之一，仿哥釉也是从宣德时开始的，黄釉是宣德时烧制成功的，青金兰釉又称“雪花兰”或“洒兰”，为宣德时景德镇能工巧匠又一杰作。<BR> 5、纹饰一改永乐时的纤细风格，显得粗重豪放，笔法苍劲。尤以龙纹狰狞凶猛之状，可为明、清两代之最。<BR> 6、宣德瓷器署有年款的，较永乐时显著增多。一般为六字楷书款，亦有四字的，书写部位不定，全身均可书写，亦采用篆书。曾有宣德款识“满器身”的说法。<BR> 7、彩瓷楷书写“德”字无“心”上一横，篆书写“德”字，“心”上都有一横。<BR> 8、器足、琢器多细砂底，无釉、无旋痕，泛有火石红斑。盘心微有下凹。雍正仿斜坡盘底，于足脊处滚圆如“泥锹背”状。<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233915918.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924233915918.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423406852.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423406852.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德白地酱釉折枝花果纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234055798.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234055798.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德蓝地白花鱼藻纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234115873.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234115873.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423421134.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/200592423421134.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花缠枝花卉纹八角烛台<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234245648.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234245648.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花缠枝花卉纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234329709.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234329709.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花缠枝花卉纹执壶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234437449.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234437449.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花缠枝莲纹花浇<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234525831.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234525831.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花红彩海兽纹高足碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234622708.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234622708.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花花卉纹卧壶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234741424.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234741424.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花花卉纹卧壶局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234817751.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924234817751.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花开光云龙纹葵瓣式碗局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924235024804.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/24/2005924235024804.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花鸟食缸<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103253533.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103253533.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103510629.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103510629.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花琴棋书画图罐<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510362293.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510362293.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花琴棋书画图罐局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103639686.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103639686.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花人物图碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103728413.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103728413.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花人物图碗局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510388834.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510388834.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花双耳扁壶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103916373.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925103916373.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青花双凤纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104024488.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104024488.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明宣德青釉葵瓣形盘<BR><FONT color=red>成化时期瓷器的鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、成化时期瓷器造型庄重圆润，玲珑俊秀，小件居多，俗称“成化无大器”，但也不是绝对的。<BR> 2、胎质纯洁细润，胎体轻薄，迎光透视呈牙白色或肉红色，如脂似乳，莹润光洁。釉质肥厚，光洁晶亮，胎精釉亦精，高穆深雅，同臻其妙。<BR> 3、成化青花瓷器，以淡雅、沉静的色调行于天下。但往往因釉质肥厚，青花色淡，而有云遮雾障若隐若现的现象。尤以底足的青花款色调，表现的最为突出。青花色调浓重者，相近于宣德晚期，并和多数浅淡色调，同时并存。<BR> 4、斗彩为成化创新品种。<BR> 5、纹饰线条纤细，多用双线勾勒填色法，填色较淡。只用平涂，只分浓谈而不分阴阳，无渲染烘托。绘人物衣着，只绘单色外衣，无内衣作衬托，故有成窑“一件衣”的说法。成化青花以淡雅著称，用“平等青料”取代“苏泥勃青料”呈色稳定，发色兰中闪灰青，成化青花与弘治青花相类似，故有“成弘不分”的说法。<BR> 6、成化瓷器釉面，以细润见著，俗谓“明看成化，清看雍正”。<BR> 7、成化器足，凡饰有青花双边线很规矩，紧靠圈足底部，而靠近足跟无釉处，那条圈线，颜色较深重，上面一条则显清谈。可用这一点来做鉴定参考依据。<BR> 8、款识字体，挺拔有力，如同出自一人之手。一般为“大明成化年制”，“大”字尖圆头高，“成”字撇硬直到腰，“制”字上大下小，“衣”字一横不越刀。 <BR> <BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104149478.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104149478.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明成化斗彩盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104232142.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104232142.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明成化孔雀绿釉青花莲鱼纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510439479.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510439479.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明成化青花莲龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104511376.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104511376.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明成化青花溢龙纹碗<BR><FONT color=red>弘治时期瓷器的鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、胎质与成化时相同，修胎规整纤巧。<BR> 2、釉面肥腴滋润，洁白光亮(白色居多，也有的白中闪灰色)。<BR> 3、纹饰线条纤细、舒展，比成化时更为柔和透逸。<BR> 4、盘有塌底现象。由于器底整个收缩下凹，使器里圈足承托处微显凸露。<BR> 5、圈足处理光滑圆润，足墙比成化时略矮，内墙直立，深浅不一。官窑盘碗之类和成化时基本一样，亦有“器足双边线”的特征。<BR> 6、器足底釉面色调，由初期的白色逐渐转变为灰色，后期则为“亮青釉”。<BR> 7、款识虽沿用旧制，但字体趋于清秀，笔划纤细柔和。以楷书为主，字体小而规整。有四字或六字两行竖写款。<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510464987.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510464987.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明弘治黄釉盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510476522.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592510476522.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明弘治青花人物图三足炉<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104853700.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104853700.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明正德白釉红彩阿拉伯纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104955745.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925104955745.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明正德黄地绿龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105235684.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105235684.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明正德青花缠枝花纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105456557.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105456557.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明正德青花莲龙纹碗<BR><FONT color=red>嘉靖、隆庆时期瓷器的鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、嘉靖胎质不及前朝，器型多种多样，有方形、棱形的造型。<BR> 2、琢器胎体厚重，接痕显露。圆器多有随底心下凹和塌陷。<BR> 3、一般器物釉面粗糙不平，官窑及民窑小件器物则细润肥厚。往往见釉下的青花轮廊线有模糊不清及晕散的现象。<BR> 4、青花用回青料，有时加入石青，其色调呈特殊的紫兰，青金兰色，同时也有发浅淡黑灰色。<BR> 5、青花及白釉器物，常于口部涂刷酱黄釉，形成黄口之特征。<BR> 6、纹饰线条虽纤细清丽，画风多写意却显得粗率， <BR>画面多见道教色彩及吉祥祈福内容。<BR> 7、器底施釉，多为亮青釉。<BR> 8、圆器圈足多向内收敛，甚至有的可用手指挂起来。玲珑薄胎器皿一般为滚圆矮浅窄小的圆足。<BR> 9、款识字体，笔划较粗，均为楷书体。一般多于底足书写六字双行、带有双圈。“大”字的一抛一捺较平，“靖”字立部往上，“年”字一抛挨上点，“制”字衣横少越刀。<BR> 10、隆庆时青花色调兰中泛紫，浓重艳丽。在嘉靖、隆庆、万历三朝的青花中，以隆庆时青花呈色最佳。这点可作鉴定判别隆庆青花器的主要依据。<BR> 11、款识多写“大明隆庆年造”，极少写“制”字。隆庆时器物传世不多。<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105546630.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105546630.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖斗彩果子纹洗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105635699.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925105635699.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖蓝釉暗花云龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/20059251108197.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/20059251108197.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖蓝釉刻花龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511047503.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511047503.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖蓝釉刻花龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511143540.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511143540.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖绿釉开光青花双鹤图盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511223736.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511223736.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖青花缠枝莲纹缸<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/20059251132924.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/20059251132924.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖青花红彩海水龙纹碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511332903.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511332903.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖青花三羊图碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511428593.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511428593.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖青花黄彩龙纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511513793.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511513793.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖青花黄彩龙纹盘局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511815646.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511815646.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖青花云龙纹缸<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/20059251190718.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/20059251190718.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖青花云龙纹缸局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511942488.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511942488.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖五彩团龙纹罐<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111024552.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111024552.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明嘉靖五彩鱼藻纹罐<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111116764.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111116764.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明隆庆青花双凤纹碗<BR><FONT color=red>万历时期资器的鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、万历瓷器，一般质地粗松，胎体厚重，器身多变形不规。<BR> 2、青花色调，早中期呈兰中泛紫，晚期为灰暗晕散，并开始采用浅描手法。<BR> 3、装饰工艺技法，有楼雕、楼空、开光、暗刻等，青花中出现类似铁线描的绘画。此时绘画风格，繁缚麻密，幼稚滞拙，具有粗矿的民间艺术色彩。晚期画面不考究，布局繁乱，比例失当。<BR> 4、大器多粗砂底，也有个别平底或浅宽圈足，底部落款处常略微凹陷，并于中心施釉如脐。盘碗之类，足径较阔，底部多施釉，无釉的砂底，可见明显的放射状跳刀痕与火石红色，官窑圈足多处理为滚圃，民窑则多斜削， <BR>并出现了通常认为是康熙时才有的那种斜削式拱壁底。<BR> 5、青花瓷器釉色:早期浑重艳丽，兰中泛紫。中期兰中闪灰，发色渐浅。晚期兰色灰暗，多有晕散。 <BR> <BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511123580.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511123580.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明万历斗彩缠枝莲纹罐<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111249624.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111249624.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明万历斗彩缠枝莲纹罐<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111342389.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111342389.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明万历青花龙凤纹出戳尊<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111454374.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111454374.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明万历青花五彩莲龙纹镂空盖盒<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111653174.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111653174.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明万历青花云龙纹瓶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111736909.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111736909.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明万历青花云龙纹瓶局部<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111814298.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111814298.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明万历五彩花蝶纹菊瓣形盘<BR><FONT color=red>天启、崇祯时期资器的鉴定</FONT><BR> <BR> 1、器型大多不规整。此时出现了日本风格的造型。崇祯时，器型不规正的现象较天启时更为突出，一般器物，胎体厚重，修胎粗糙，底足常常有旋削刀痕和重刮削痕，并且多有粘砂。<BR> 2、胎质粗糙为多，淘炼不精。但小件器物仍很精细， <BR>并有万历遗风。<BR> 3、釉面亮青程度明显减弱，施釉稀薄。崇祯时，器口普遍施加黄色酱釉。<BR> 4、青花有四种不同色调，其中晕散和黑灰的与那种纤细轻淡的色调相差悬殊。崇祯时，青花色调的晕散和走釉现象比天启时更甚。常使纹饰模糊不清，也有较鲜亮明快或类似天启时谈描色泽。<BR> 5、纹饰中多反映出日本风格，如扇面纹、皮球花纹等。另外，明末清初时盛行的题诗联句风气，在此时亦有表现。此时流行的豪放夸张的减笔写意画，与万历那种密麻零乱的纹饰构图，形成鲜明对比。<BR> 6、器足可见里收向心式的刮削痕和放射状跳刀痕。也有的器足留有类似明初器底的小乳头，此时底足不施釉的较多，但沾有砂粒。多为细润白砂底足，足边修切圆滑齐整，胎体裸露部分较多。形成了明末清初独特的器足特征，并为断代提供了依据。<BR> 7、天启器物款识少。一般写于器底。格式为“大明天启年制”。崇祯时，从款识上看，有书官窑款识的，也有以隶书写干支纪年款的，此外，还多见随意乱写的“宣德”、 <BR>“成化”、“嘉靖”等伪托前朝的年款。 <BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111922346.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925111922346.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明天启五彩八角形盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112048300.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112048300.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明天启元年青花团龙纹烛台<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112129342.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112129342.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明崇祯二年青花云龙纹三足炉<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112239680.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112239680.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明崇祯七年青花圆砚<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112325284.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112325284.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明崇祯十六年青花婴戏图炉<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112417606.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112417606.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明崇祯十三年青花博古图瓶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112450224.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112450224.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>明崇祯十三年青花山水竹石图瓶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511265734.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/200592511265734.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112641545.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112641545.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>元青花瓜竹葡萄纹菱口盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112713344.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112713344.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>元青花莲瓣形纹盘<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112747246.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112747246.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>元青花云龙纹高足碗<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112824526.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112824526.jpg" width=564 onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR>元青花云龙纹瓶<BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>screen.width-461) window.open('http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112859674.jpg');" src="http://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/uploadfiles/images/2005/9/25/2005925112859674.jpg" onload="if(this.width>screen.width-460)this.width=screen.width-460" border=0><BR><FONT color=red>如何鉴定明代陶瓷？</FONT><BR><BR> <BR> 明朝是中国陶瓷史上一个重要发展阶段，窑场数目空前增多，明朝生活陶瓷，建筑陶瓷和其它类型的陶瓷制造大大地超过了以前历代，展示了陶瓷业大发展的局面。由于制瓷工艺技术的不断提高和实行“官搭民烧”制度，即工匠完成官方规定的任务后，可以进行自由经营，客观上对手工业工人的积极性起到了促进作用。民窑不仅产量超过官窑，而且烧成了许多高质量的可以与官 <BR> 窑相媲美的瓷器。明代青花、五彩、斗彩瓷器是瓷器生产的主流。<BR> <BR> 如何鉴定明代瓷器，具体说来，要从以下四个方面进行：<BR> <BR> 一、造型<BR> <BR> 明代瓷器的造型，是鉴别真伪的重要依据。这是因为各类器型多能确切表现本时代的生活习惯、审美标准、风俗面貌和技术成就。若能谙熟并善于识别其形状和神态，就掌握了一种比较可靠的鉴定方法。<BR> <BR> 对于明代的一些典型器型，特别是名贵品种，更应烂熟于心，形成固有的正宗概念。越是名贵的品种，便越会有人去仿制。在鉴别中，有了准确的器型概念，无须多究，便可一眼识破那些低劣的赝品；有了准确的器型概念，对那些貌似真品的伪作，经细心体察和揣度后，就能看出神离之处，找出其细微差别；有了准确的器型概念，就能善于体会各时代的不同风格和神态，对那些维肖的仿品，便能独具慧眼，看出其虽维肖但不维妙之处，从而窥出破绽。明初洪武时期的青花瓷色泽暗黑，这主要是元末明初战争频繁，苏料进口中断，使用国产青料造成的。<BR> <BR> 永乐、宣德年间瓷器制做也如明代国力一样处于一个上升阶段，尤其青花瓷达到了一个新的高峰，史称“永宣瓷”。它的主要特点是：由于郑和下西洋，从中亚伊斯兰国家带回了“苏麻离青”料。在适当的火侯下，能烧成像宝石一样的鲜艳色泽，但由于含铁量高，往往会在青花部分出现黑疵斑点。<BR> <BR> 在掌握各时代瓷器品种的特征及时代风貌的同时，应侧重对器型的古拙、敦厚、粗笨、秀美、玲珑、华丽等不同风格进行研究，详加分析对比，摸清其演变规律。久而久之，便可充分利用不同器型特征，熟练地鉴别真伪。明代永乐年间的器型古拙秀美，当时出现的一些精品，如白釉脱胎暗花盘碗，青花压手杯之类，都是后仿品在造型等方面远远不可企及的；宣德时期造型种类明显增多，并且制作精致，独出心裁，有些是空前绝后之作，若不具备很高的技术水平，难以仿制成功。故永宣青花器，仅见清代盛世康熙、雍正、乾隆时的仿品及民国时的赝作，除此而外其他时期少见。至于成化时期，器型惟重纤巧，大器较少，其碗、把杯、天字罐类，都出色地代表了当时轻盈秀致的风格，并为仿品所望尘莫及。弘治、正德时期虽器型品种不多，但却端庄秀逸。嘉靖、万历以后，器型渐趋复杂，又有许多创新之作，风格上厚重古拙与轻盈华丽兼而有之，只是比起永宣时期的作品未免粗糙。<BR> <BR> 对于造型，要从以下几点去观察：器口、腹、底、柄、耳、颈、流、系、足以至器里。若能经常测量器体部位，体重厚薄，熟记大小，对于鉴定工作更为有利。<BR> <BR> 二、纹饰<BR> <BR> 瓷器上的纹饰，也和造型一样，具有鲜明的时代特征。对于明初永宣青花器上的晕散下凹斑痕等特有现象，在后代的仿品中都不能准确再现。在断代和鉴别真伪时，观察、比较同时期与相近朝代其他工艺品的图案画意等特征也很重要。例如，明清两代瓷器的画面，就与同时代的织绣、竹、木、漆、牙、玉、铜、银等工艺品装饰，互有影响，一脉相通；又如成化时期瓷器的海上水八怪，缠枝莲纹，也与前朝景泰掐丝珐琅器上纹饰相同。如此等等，便可发现时代的特征，找出共同的规律，无论是官窑还是民窑器物，都应作大量细致的对比分析，便如永乐、宣德瓷器的缠枝莲、海水龙、成化瓷的青花底足双线特征，正德瓷的回文，嘉靖、万历瓷的道教画与镂雕工艺，康熙瓷的双猗牡丹、回影梅，雍正瓷的过枝花和皮球花等等，在决疑辨伪中，都有着重要的参考价值。<BR> <BR> 鉴定真伪，还可根据纹饰的笔法，远近疏密的层次，笔力纤弱等等。<BR> <BR> 三、胎釉<BR> <BR> 就瓷器而论，胎为骨，釉为衣。细致观察胎体和釉面也是断代和鉴别中必不可少的一环。<BR> <BR> 鉴定胎质时，可从器足的无釉处观察，注意胎土淘炼的纯净与烧结的缜密程度。如著名的永宜细砂底器，露胎处均可见到金属自然氧化形成的黑褐色星点或火石红色；另外明代胎体迎光透视，都显肉红色而清代及民国仿品则为青白色。如以洁白细润著称于世的成化胎体，迎光透视显牙白或粉白色，具有如脂似乳的莹润光泽。<BR> <BR> 对于明代各种不同的釉面观察方法，除以眼目直观外，必要时还可借助放大镜。观察时更要注意釉质的粗细，光泽的新旧，釉面的厚薄，以及气泡的大小、疏密的程度等特征。对各时代釉面的典型表现，要牢记心中，如明代瓷器釉面都闪现不同程度的青白色，明早期釉面常有无色的自然开片及缩釉现象；明代宣德的桔皮釉，明代晚期黄釉釉面所闪现的血丝状小红点。另外釉面的新旧光泽也可说明真伪。对各时期施釉的厚薄，釉面的莹润与干涩，釉质的缜密和疏松及浓缩、积釉等状态也需掌握，这也是鉴定真伪的一个重要因素。如常见永乐白釉器口，底边角与釉薄处闪白和闪黄，釉厚处闪浅淡青色。永乐翠青积釉处的气泡密、玻璃质强，明代蓝釉釉面表现的灰黑色调，明代宣德釉面的棕眼现象等等。所以，造型、纹饰、款识、釉色、胎质等鉴定方法必须同时并用，方能收到殊途同归，全面一致的效果。<BR> <BR> 四、款识<BR> <BR> 明代瓷器各代款识千差万别，凭款识特点来断代和辨伪也就相当重要。体会各代款识的不同风格，首先可以从研究笔法入手，然后将真假实物款识，相互比照，结合实物，反复审度其字体的结构、排列的形式、落款的部位，以及款字色泽的深浅浓淡等。另外，也应当注意总结同一时期及早期和晚期款识不尽相同的变化规律。<BR> <BR> 作为中国陶瓷史上重要发展时期的明代陶瓷艺术的欣赏及鉴定，不仅是文博工作者的必修课，而且随着人们生活水平的提高和文化生活的日益丰富多彩，也必将成为越来越多的陶瓷收藏受好者和享受者需要了解和掌握的知识，也必将成为提升全民文化修养的一个方面。</FONT><BR></SPAN> |
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发表于 2005-11-12 06:24:41
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